پژوهشنامه امامیه
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Intellect is one of the most important sources of knowledge. Various schools of thought throughout history have put forward different views on intellect. In Nahj al-Balaghah, which is one of the reliable sources among the Shiites, the role of intellect in acquiring religious knowledge is expressed. In this article, the role of intellect in knowing God from the perspective of Nahj al-Balaghah is examined. First, we deal with the concept of intellect and its definition, and then we examine its position and value in Nahj al-Balaghah. In the following, we will examine the extent of the intellect's ability to know God, which includes rational arguments for the existence of God. In the end, we will explore the limitations of the intellect and its inability to surround God's existence. The result of the research is that although the inability of the intellect to surround God's existence is discussed in Nahj al-Balaghah, rational arguments for the existence of God are also made therein.

The main part of the sources of religious knowledge consists of religious texts, including verses and hadiths. In the Imami Osuli thought, the use of texts and their semantics, in a particular way, are based on certain theological fundamentals about the attributes of Share‘, which show the relationship between the text and its owner. From among the words of the Imami Osuli scholars, the fundamentals can be extracted and enumerated in six items: 1. Divinity of the texts 2. The existence of knowledge, will and wisdom in Share‘, and the rejection of ignorance, helplessness and stinginess for him 3. The ordinary language of Share‘ 4. Realism of the language of Share‘ 5. Internal consistency and coherence of religious texts 6. Existence of semantic layers in texts. The result of accepting these fundamentals is repelling hermeneutic doubts about the following issues; the ordinariness of the language of religion, the miraculousness of Quranic text and the possibility of correct interpretation of Quranic verses.

Using content analysis method as well as critical discourse analysis approach based on Norman Fairclough method, this article explains the mindset and outlook of Imam Ali (AS) while analyzing his discourse on Imamate. The discourse of "appointed Imamate", as opposed to the discourse of "elected leadership" which introduces the opinion and consensus of community as the criterion for recognizing the leader, is a discourse that did not develop in the sociological context and, in turn, social thought moved towards the ideology of "choice" in the matter of prophetic caliphate. In defense of the ideology of divine power and leadership, Imam Ali (AS) presented his rational arguments and strategies at different times in order to prove his appointed succession by recording the document of the legitimacy of the genuine Islamic belief in the field of Imamate. Considering that the position of the appointed Imamate and its related discourse are emerging in Shiism, in order to accept the subject trans-religiously, the research is based on Sunni narrations and historical texts. The results indicate that Imam Ali (AS) by using linguistic and ideological structures in criticizing the ruling discourses sought to reproduce the prophetic discourse on guardianship and leadership.

Narrated prayers are an important part of Shiite hadiths. Compilation of such prayers has been the focus of the hadith scholars since the first periods. The comprehensive and valuable book Mesbah al-Motehajjed wa Selah al-Moteabbed is one of the most famous Shiite hadith heritages on prayer, the author of which is Sheikh Tusi, one of the prominent hadith scholars in the fourth and fifth centuries. This book is one of the oldest types of prayer writing that has reached us and has a special place in history. According to the available evidence, after Sheikh Tusi, many hadith scholars have considered and referred to this book as one of the sources of hadith. The main purpose and focus of this research is to investigate the degree of validity of the narrations of the book Mesbah al-Motehajjed. The study is based on the reliability of transmitters, according to which the result of the research is the weakness of the narrations due to being Moghouf (going back to the companions of the infallibles), Marfou (including the omission of some of the transmitters from the beginning of the chain of transmission), Mursal (lacking the chain of transmission) as well as including weak, unknown and unconfirmed transmitters.

Guardianship is a subject that Imami jurists have researched and investigated throughout history. Among the various chapters of jurisprudence, there are issues that make jurists discuss and examine welayt faghih (the guardianship of the jurist. The main purpose of addressing the issue of guardianship is to find the answer to the question: If a qualified jurist takes over the administration of the society, what level of guardianship does Imami jurisprudence consider for him and to what extent is the territory of his guardianship? Research and investigation into the written works of jurists lead to the conclusion that the difference of views and arguments between jurists is one of the salient points in this regard. It can be said that the political and social situation in different historical periods has also played an effective role in determining the authority of jurists. This article explores the views of two prominent jurists Ansari and Abd al-Karim Haeri.

The vast divine mercy is always flowing from the essence of God Almighty to the creatures. Due to the incompatibility of creatures with the essence of God, there is a need for a mediator to receive His mercy and deliver it to the creatures. This mediator in the present age is the Master of the Age (A.T.F.S). Although we are deprived of the blessings of his legislative guardianship during his absence, the study of his worldly position as a mediator of divine grace is a subject that we have addressed using a descriptive-analytical method and by examining three attributes of his. The most important achievements of this article are as follows: The full manifestation of the master of the age for all divine names and also the proportion to all worlds of existence by appearing in all names as the manifestation of the comprehensive name "Allah" has determined the status of divine caliphate for him. Through the treasuries of the divine names, which are as his powers, the Imam manages the affairs of the universe and bestows the grace on all creatures. He is in every moment and instant with a manifestation of the divine manifestations and devises a world of the worlds of existence; and this association with manifestations at all times is based on his divine name "Al-Adl".

The factors of the success of Tabarestan Alawites in forming the government and the continuation of Shiite thought in northern Iran are the subjects of this article. This study seeks to explain the following issues: the meaning of the word "Imamzadeh" and its correct and accurate understanding, the true position of Imamzadehs, the belief that the Alawites of Tabarestan are Shiite, and the geographical boundaries of northern Iran that have been effective in forming a Shiite government in this region. The factors of the victory and success of Tabarestan Alawites are among the most practical issues that should be considered in order to reflect on the continuation of Shiite thought in the northern region of Iran. In this research, the above-mentioned issues are investigated with a descriptive-analytical approach.

Shiites, like Sunnis, have been interested in writing the biography of the Prophet of Islam (S) and have written works in this field. In the historical course of this style of writing, the sixth century AH is the period of growth and emergence of the characteristics of Shiite biography. Writing the Prophet's biography was an opportunity for the Shiites to show and confirm the beliefs and ideas of their religion, as well as the status and legitimacy of the Imams and the Ahl al-Bayt, the same opportunity that the biography of the Holy Prophet of Islam (S) provided for the Sunnis to protect the two sheikhs. After the efforts of the Shiites to write the Prophet's biography in the first five centuries AH, the priorities of Shiite authors changed from the fifth and sixth centuries onwards, and often turned from writing about the Prophet (S) to doing research on the life of the twelve Imams. During this period, the Shiites abandoned the exclusive writing about the biography of the Prophet (S) and wrote mostly works that, in addition to the life of the Messenger of God, included the biography and life of the thirteen other infallibles.

One of the important tasks of a theologian is to explain religious teachings. "Explanation" in theology means that the theologian explains the doctrinal statement to the audience in such a way that they find a clear picture of the doctrinal teaching in their minds. Seyyed Deldar Ali Naghavi, one of the great personalities of the Lucknow theological school in the thirteenth century AH, in his most important theological work entitled Emad al-Islam, has used several methods to explain the Imamate. In this study, by reviewing the manuscript of his book, we have extracted and enumerated the methods he has employed in this regard. They are as follows: The method of terms definition in defining the Imamate and explicit and implicit text, the method of history description in the issue of the necessity of the Imamate, infallibility, ways of determining the Imam and the existence or absence of the text, the method of principles expression in the discussion of the authority of consensus and the necessity of the Imamate, the method of mentioning the consequences and outcomes in expounding the non-necessity of appointing an Imam by God, the fallibility of the Imam and the existence of two Imams at the same time, the method of making example and analogy in explaining the necessity of appointing the Imam by God and that the Imam should be knowledgeable about the whole religion and be the best of people, the method of mentioning the benefits and functions in explaining the Imamate, the method of using narrations in various subjects, including the necessity of Imam appointment and the Imamate of Imam Ali (AS).

The depiction of mystical journey until reaching the position of attainment and intuition for the seekers of the truth has been a constant concern of mystics. Using a descriptive-research method, this article seeks to find out how this path is passed from the point of view of Ibn Meysam. According to the findings of the research, Ibn Meysam Bahrani introduces yaghzah (awakening) as the first step of the seeker to intuition and then the firm determination which requires perseverance and struggle and in other words, religious riyazat (austerity). Among other important preliminaries of the journey, he mentions the reasonable and legitimate khalwat (solitude) and ozlat (seclusion) and the choice of the best and purest time for the solitude of man and his beloved. In his view, in order to attain the status of intuition, on the one hand the seeker must strive for moraghabah (meditation), mohasabah (calculation), mo‘atabah (interrogation) and mo‘aghabah (retribution), and on the other hand, for takhliyah (evacuation) and tahliyah (adornment). This is because each of these preliminaries and behavioral and heart stages is necessary for the journey to God counted as the existential preconditions for entering the higher stages of spirituality in order to achieve unseen openings and the position of abdollah (servant of God) and endallah (in presence of god). Ibn Meysam Bahrani considers the perfect man to have the position of full intuition and introduces him as the leader of seekers to God and the holder of the position of guardianship and Imamate.

The Islamic society during the Imamate of Imam Hasan Askari (AS) (254-260 AH) faced many religious, political and cultural issues. The violent and repressive actions of the Abbasids, the activities of deviant and skeptical currents, the Zangian rebellion and the uprising of some Alawites were among the issues that had caused a crisis for the security and health of the Islamic society in the political, social and ideological spheres. Imam Hasan Askari (AS) in line with his divine mission in the face of these issues, adopted practical solutions and constructive and effective strategies, the result of which was to preserve Shiism and pave the ground for the occultation of Imam Zaman (AS). The purpose of the present study, which is based on the main sources and has been done in a descriptive-analytical method, is to explain how he dealt with the actions of two destructive currents of Islamic society, namely the Abbasid Caliphate and the skeptical currents. The main question of this research is, what method did Imam Hasan Askari take against these two currents and what was the difference between Imam's confrontation with Bani Abbas and skeptical currents? The hypothesis of this research is that the Imam's method was the negation of the both groups, but in proportion to the methods and actions of these two groups, he interacted softly with the Abbasids, and explicitly and harshly treated the skeptical currents.

Belief in the immortality of the people of Hell is an issue that has been raised by philosophers, theologians, and thinkers, as well as the holy sharia. The immortality of the people of Hell means that they will live forever in Hell and the hereafter; it indicates that some of them will be in Hell forever and will be deprived of the blessings of God and will be in constant torment. The question of this research is: What is the meaning of immortality of the people of Hell from the perspective of the verses of the Holy Quran? And what is the interpretation of Sadr al-Din Shirazi on the verses related to this subject? Regarding immortality and permanence in torment, some objections have been raised, including the opposition of immortality and permanence in torment to the vast divine mercy, God' justice and divine nature. Using a descriptive-analytical method and based on inferential reasoning, this research examines the immortality of the people of Hell in fire from the perspective of verses and hadiths and while clearing up this theory, explains Molla Sadra's theory and revises it.

The eulogists, as an influential group familiar with the school of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (the Household of the Prophet), are obliged to express the principles of the Holy Quran and Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in anti-oppression for the people and thus spread the spirit of anti-oppression in the society. In this research, which has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach, we have first dealt with the principles of anti-oppression in the Qur'an, tradition and reason. Then, we have emphasized the role of the eulogists in informing the people about the oppression towards God and fighting against its examples such as polytheism, hypocrisy and illegitimate recourse. In the following, the role of the eulogists in creating enlightenment in the society in the fields of oppression of the people to the people, oppression of the people to themselves, oppression of the people to the ruler and oppression of the ruler to the people has been studied. The basic use of poetry as a tool of the eulogists in the fight against oppression from the beginning of Islam until now is another issue addressed in this research. We have also examined the essential role of the eulogists in three issues: 1. Spreading the spirit of struggle against the oppressive ruler in the society 2. Defeating the Pahlavi regime in the three stages of struggle 3. The holy defense and the defense of the holy shrines of Iraq and Syria in the attack of heterodox groups.